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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

13.8K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

3.9K
Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

5.2K
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
5.2K
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

3.0K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
3.0K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

18.1K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment
07:55

Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment

Published on: September 25, 2017

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Mitochondria-targeting particles.

Amaraporn Wongrakpanich1, Sean M Geary, Mei-ling A Joiner

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Nanomedicine (London, England)
|December 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria-targeted drug delivery systems offer new ways to treat diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Particle-based carriers can overcome biological barriers to deliver therapeutics directly to mitochondria.

Keywords:
intracellular targetingmitochondriamitochondria targetingnanotechnologyorganelle specificparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial targets for treating diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions.
  • Effective mitochondrial drug delivery requires overcoming cellular and multiple mitochondrial membrane barriers.
  • Current strategies focus on developing specialized carriers for targeted mitochondrial access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in particle-based formulations for therapeutic molecule delivery to mitochondria.
  • To highlight strategies for overcoming biological barriers to achieve selective mitochondrial targeting.
  • To discuss the potential of mitochondriotropic carriers in disease treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recently reported strategies for mitochondriotropic drug delivery.
  • Analyzing the design principles of particulate carriers (liposomes, polymers, metals).
  • Discussing formulation modifications for enhanced mitochondrial uptake and cargo protection.

Main Results:

  • Particle-based carriers effectively protect drugs from degradation and rapid elimination.
  • Tailored formulations with mitochondriotropic agents enhance targeting specificity.
  • Various materials (lipids, polymers, metals) are utilized for carrier construction.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondriotropic particulate carriers represent a promising approach for targeted mitochondrial therapy.
  • These carriers can overcome biological barriers, enabling selective drug delivery to mitochondria.
  • Further development of these systems holds significant potential for treating a range of human diseases.