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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

33.4K
Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

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The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...
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Regression Toward the Mean01:52

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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

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Lessons from reproductive technology research.

George E Seidel1

  • 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683;

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
|December 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have evolved significantly, with breakthroughs occurring regularly. The perceived difficulty of ARTs changes with new insights and tools, highlighting their synergistic nature and impact on research.

Keywords:
biotechnologycattleembryoin vitrooocytesperm

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and biotechnology
  • Animal science and veterinary medicine
  • Genetics and developmental biology

Background:

  • Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have a long history, with early experimental successes in artificial insemination and embryo transfer dating back centuries.
  • Key technological advancements, such as recombinant DNA, transgenic technology, and polymerase chain reaction, have revolutionized ART development at regular intervals.
  • The practical application of some ARTs, like sperm sexing and in vitro fertilization, has taken decades to realize.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize and analyze the perceived difficulty and feasibility of various assisted reproductive technologies.
  • To illustrate how the boundaries of possibility and difficulty in ARTs are constantly redefined by new scientific tools and understanding.
  • To emphasize the synergistic relationships between different ARTs and their importance in advancing research and teaching.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of ARTs into five groups based on perceived difficulty and feasibility.
  • Historical review of experimental and routine ART procedures.
  • Analysis of the impact of new technologies and insights on ART development and application.

Main Results:

  • ARTs are classified into categories such as 'possible becomes impossible,' 'impossible becomes possible,' 'difficult becomes easy,' 'easy becomes difficult,' and 'difficult remains difficult.'
  • The perceived difficulty of ARTs is dynamic, constantly shifting with technological innovation and scientific discovery.
  • Synergistic interactions between ARTs enhance their utility; for instance, sperm sexing requires artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization for practical use.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of ARTs demonstrates that perceived limitations are often overcome by scientific progress, reinforcing the adage 'it is easy when you know how.'
  • ARTs are not isolated techniques but interconnected tools that drive further innovation and understanding in reproductive science.
  • The continuous development and synergistic application of ARTs are crucial for both educational purposes and cutting-edge scientific research.