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Clinical and laboratory features of pertussis in hospitalized infants with confirmed versus probable pertussis cases
J Shojaei1, Mj Saffar2, A Hashemi3
1Department of Health, Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Insights
Infants with prolonged cough, whooping, apnea, and high white blood cell counts may have pertussis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for confirmed pertussis cases to prevent transmission.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Infectious Diseases
- Microbiology
Background:
- Pertussis (whooping cough) diagnosis can be challenging due to varied clinical presentations.
- Differentiating Bordetella pertussis infection from other causes of prolonged cough is critical in infants.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare clinical and laboratory findings in hospitalized infants with confirmed pertussis versus clinical pertussis.
- To identify diagnostic clues for confirmed pertussis in infants.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective study of 118 infants (≤12 months) with clinical pertussis.
- Comparison of clinico-laboratory data between laboratory-confirmed pertussis and clinical pertussis cases.
Main Results:
- 16% of infants had laboratory-confirmed pertussis.
- Whooping and apnea were significantly more common in confirmed cases (P=0.01, P=0.02).
- Leukocytosis (≥16,000/ml) and lymphocytosis (≥11,000) were significantly higher in confirmed pertussis (P=0.01, P=0.02).
Conclusions:
- Consider pertussis in afebrile infants with paroxysmal cough (≥7 days), whooping, apnea, and leukocytosis/lymphocytosis.
- Prompt empiric treatment and infection control measures are recommended for suspected pertussis.
- Enhanced diagnostic criteria can improve early identification of pertussis in infants.
Background:
The clinical presentations of pertussis infection have considerable variation. Many infections and illnesses can cause prolonged repetitive paroxysmal cough that could be confused with Bordetella pertussis infection.
Aim:
This retrospective study was designed to compare the clinico-laboratory findings between two groups of hospitalized infants with confirmed, and those who have clinical pertussis disease; to identify the possible additional diagnostic clues "for the diagnosis of confirmed pertussis disease".
Subjects And Methods:
The study population consisted of infants ≤12 months of age with clinical diagnosis of pertussis that fulfilled the World Health Organization definition for pertussis or those diagnosed by physicians. Clinico-laboratory findings were compared between two groups of patients (confirmed vs. clinical cases).
Results:
From a total of 118 infants admitted with a clinical diagnosis of pertussis, 16% (19/118) were confirmed by laboratory to have confirmed pertussis. Twelve of 19 (63%) and 71.99% of confirmed and clinical cases were younger than 6 months of age, respectively. For most patients, the duration of symptoms before hospitalization was <14 days. There were no significant differences between two groups of patients for paroxysmal cough and facial discoloration. However, whoop and apnea were more common among confirmed pertussis cases: P = 0.01, and P = 0.02, respectively. Leukocytosis (≥16,000/ml) (P = 0.01) and lymphocytosis (≥11,000) (P = 0.02) were reported significantly more frequently in confirmed pertussis cases.
Conclusion:
Given the unavailability of a highly sensitive diagnostic test, in every afebrile patient with paroxysmal cough lasting for ≥7 days associated with whoop and/or apnea, particularly if accompanied by leukocytosis/lymphocytosis, pertussis disease should be considered. In this situation, prompt administration of empiric treatment for cases, and providing control measures to prevent infection transmission to contacts are recommended.
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