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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.8K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
4.9K
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

10.0K
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
10.0K
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

9.3K
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
9.3K
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

8.8K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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[Osteoarthritis].

Seizo Yamamoto

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |December 17, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, disabling condition, particularly knee OA in Japan's elderly. Early diagnosis and conservative treatments, including lifestyle changes and medication, are effective, with surgery for advanced stages.

    Area of Science:

    • Rheumatology
    • Epidemiology
    • Orthopedics

    Context:

    • Osteoarthritis (OA) is the predominant form of arthritis, causing substantial pain and functional impairment.
    • Epidemiological data indicates a high prevalence of OA, especially knee OA, among the elderly population in Japan.
    • OA significantly impacts quality of life and healthcare systems globally.

    Purpose:

    • To summarize the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Osteoarthritis (OA).
    • To highlight effective early-stage interventions and advanced treatment options for OA.
    • To provide an overview of pharmacologic and surgical approaches for OA.

    Summary:

    • OA is the most common arthritis, leading to pain and disability.
    • Early diagnosis and conservative treatments (education, weight loss, exercise, therapy) are effective.

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  • Pharmacologic options include acetaminophen and NSAIDs (COX-2 selective agents); joint arthroplasty is a surgical solution for end-stage disease.

    • Impact:

    • Provides a concise overview of OA for healthcare professionals and patients.
    • Emphasizes the importance of early intervention and conservative management strategies.
    • Informs about the spectrum of OA treatments from lifestyle modifications to surgical options.