Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

4
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
4
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

4
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
4
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

1.8K
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
1.8K
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

15
Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
15
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

1.3K
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
1.3K
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

2.5K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Risk of Developing Seizures in Children With Abnormal EEG Findings During Polysomnography.

Pediatric neurology·2023
Same author

A Multicenter Study of Adherence to Best Practices and Application of Epilepsy Quality Metrics in a Pediatric Telemedicine Encounter.

Journal of child neurology·2022
Same author

C53 Interacting with UFM1-Protein Ligase 1 Regulates Microtubule Nucleation in Response to ER Stress.

Cells·2022
Same author

A Case Report of Myelopathy Following Heroin Overdose in a Child.

Child neurology open·2021
Same author

Boricua Founder Variant in <i>FRRS1L</i> Causes Epileptic Encephalopathy With Hyperkinetic Movements.

Journal of child neurology·2020
Same author

Safety and Efficacy of Brivaracetam in Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy: A Single-Center Clinical Experience.

Journal of child neurology·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model
07:06

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Published on: June 12, 2018

35.6K

Generalized epilepsies: immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms.

Karen S Carvalho1, Diana J Walleigh1, Agustín Legido1

  • 1Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children; Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
|December 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Immune system dysfunction contributes to generalized epilepsies like West, Lennox-Gastaut, and Landau-Kleffner syndromes. Therapies targeting immune responses show promise for these challenging neurological conditions.

More Related Videos

Electrophoretic Delivery of &#947;-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
08:17

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: February 23, 2024

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model
07:06

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Published on: June 12, 2018

35.6K
Electrophoretic Delivery of &#947;-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
08:17

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: February 23, 2024

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Generalized epilepsies, including West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and Landau-Kleffner syndrome, present with significant clinical and electroencephalogram abnormalities.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a role for immune system dysregulation in the pathogenesis of these epilepsy types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and experimental data investigating the implication of immune-mediated inflammation in generalized epilepsies.
  • To explore the potential role of immune responses in the pathophysiology of specific epileptic syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on inflammatory processes in generalized epilepsies.
  • Analysis of data from animal models of epilepsy.
  • Examination of findings related to cellular and humoral immunity in epilepsy patients.

Main Results:

  • Substantial evidence supports the pathogenic involvement of immune mechanisms in West, Lennox-Gastaut, and Landau-Kleffner syndromes.
  • Animal models and observed immune abnormalities (cellular and humoral) corroborate the hypothesis of immune involvement.
  • These epilepsy syndromes demonstrate notable responsiveness to immunomodulatory therapies.

Conclusions:

  • An imbalanced immune system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of generalized epileptic syndromes.
  • Immune-mediated inflammation and immune responses are critical factors to consider in understanding and treating these conditions.