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Occupational and environmental exposures and cancers in developing countries.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Health
  • Cancer Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cancer risks from environmental and occupational carcinogens (asbestos, arsenic, air pollution) are declining in high-income nations.
  • These exposures are projected to rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) due to industrialization and population growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on cancer risks and burdens associated with specific environmental and occupational exposures in LMICs.
  • To highlight knowledge gaps and challenges in studying these exposures in less-developed economies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies and reports.
  • Analysis of established causal associations and reported evidence for cancer risks.
  • Assessment of exposure levels and their comparison with international standards.

Main Results:

  • Established links between asbestos and mesothelioma/lung cancer; arsenic and bladder, skin, lung, liver, kidney cancers.
  • Women face higher lung cancer risk from indoor air pollution; effects on children are unstudied.
  • Ambient air pollution risks are understudied in LMICs, despite high exposure levels; studies are often weak.

Conclusions:

  • Quantifying the cancer burden from these exposures in LMICs is challenging due to data limitations.
  • High prevalence of exposures exists, but research is hampered by resource scarcity and lack of government support.
  • Further research is needed to accurately assess and mitigate cancer risks from environmental and occupational exposures in LMICs.