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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

A Semi-Quantitative Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability DARTS assay for studying Rapamycin/mTOR interaction
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Drug-targeting methodologies with applications: A review.

Clement Kleinstreuer1, Yu Feng1, Emily Childress1

  • 1Clement Kleinstreuer, Yu Feng, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|December 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Efficiently delivering drug particles to target sites, like lungs and tumors, is crucial for effective treatment. This review explores advanced drug delivery methods and devices to overcome current challenges.

Keywords:
Computational analysis and experimental evidenceFuture workPulmonary systemTargeted drug deliveryTypes of drugs and delivery devicesVascular system

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Targeted drug delivery aims to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects for conditions like solid tumors.
  • Current research often assumes drug particles are already near the target site, overlooking delivery challenges.
  • Efficient particle transport from entry point to target site remains a significant hurdle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review drug delivery methodologies, types, and devices for targeted delivery.
  • To address the challenge of efficiently transporting drug particles to target sites.
  • To explore advancements in pulmonary and intravascular drug delivery for solid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on drug formulation and delivery systems.
  • Analysis of inhaled drug-aerosol delivery into human lung airways.
  • Examination of intravascular drug delivery for solid tumor targeting, including passive and active targeting strategies.

Main Results:

  • Comparison of three inhaler types (pressurized metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler, nebulizer) for pulmonary delivery.
  • Discussion of computational fluid-particle dynamics and smart inhaler systems.
  • Review of passive and active targeting for intravascular delivery, exemplified by radioactive microspheres for liver tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient drug particle delivery from entry point to target site requires further research.
  • Advancements in inhaler technology and intravascular delivery methods are critical.
  • Future work should focus on optimizing pulmonary and vascular drug targeting for solid tumors.