Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.9K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
17.9K
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

13.2K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
13.2K
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

21.3K
Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
21.3K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

11.1K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
11.1K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.5K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.5K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

2.2K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Monitoring Vaccine-Induced Antibody Levels Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistors.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Thermothelomyces heterothallica C1.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Genetic ancestry shapes dengue virus infection in human skin explants.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Scratching promotes allergic inflammation and host defense via neurogenic mast cell activation.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Agonism of the glutamate receptor GluK2 suppresses dermal mast cell activation and cutaneous inflammation.

Science translational medicine·2024
Same author

Investigation of the Impact of Manufacturing Methods on Protein-Based Long-Acting Injectable Formulations: A Comparative Assessment for Microfluidics vs. Conventional Methods.

Pharmaceutics·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

13.1K

"Toll"-erance in the skin.

Tina L Sumpter1, Louis D Falo2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Immunity
|December 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Commensal bacteria interactions with skin immunity are unclear. Staphylococcus aureus ligands recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the skin, reducing inflammation instead of promoting it.

More Related Videos

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

15.3K
In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin
05:45

In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin

Published on: July 11, 2019

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

13.1K
Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

15.3K
In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin
05:45

In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin

Published on: July 11, 2019

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The interplay between commensal bacteria and the skin's immune system is not well understood.
  • Pathogenic bacteria can trigger inflammatory responses, but the role of commensals is less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Staphylococcus aureus, a common commensal bacterium, influences cutaneous immunity.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which S. aureus affects the skin's inflammatory response.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways.
  • Investigation of bacterial ligand interactions with immune cells in the skin.
  • Assessment of immune cell recruitment and function in response to S. aureus.

Main Results:

  • S. aureus-derived ligands bind to TLR2/6 heterodimers.
  • These interactions lead to the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the skin.
  • The presence of MDSCs effectively counteracts inflammation, rather than exacerbating it.

Conclusions:

  • Commensal bacteria like S. aureus can modulate skin immunity through specific molecular interactions.
  • TLR2/6 signaling plays a critical role in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of S. aureus by recruiting MDSCs.
  • This study reveals a novel mechanism by which commensal bacteria can suppress cutaneous inflammation.