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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

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The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

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Citric acid cycle intermediates in cardioprotection.

Gabor Czibik1, Violetta Steeples1, Arash Yavari1

  • 1From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Circulation. Cardiovascular Genetics
|December 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Metabolic strategies, particularly those involving the citric acid cycle, show promise for protecting the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. These pathways offer a new avenue for clinical cardioprotection, harnessing metabolism to reduce cardiac damage.

Keywords:
cardioprotectioncitric acid cyclefumaric acidnuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2oxidation-reductionreperfusion injury

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Metabolic Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Clinical efforts aim to enhance cardiac tolerance to ischemia and reduce reperfusion injury.
  • Laboratory findings suggest various maneuvers can achieve cardioprotection.
  • Metabolic pathways are increasingly recognized for their role in cardiovascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applicability of metabolic approaches for cardioprotection.
  • To elucidate the role of the citric acid cycle in protecting the heart from injury.
  • To identify novel, manipulable metabolic pathways for combating ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical and laboratory research on metabolic interventions.
  • Focus on the mechanistic role of the citric acid cycle in cellular energy production and protection.
  • Exploration of cross-disciplinary insights from cancer biology.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic approaches are nearing clinical practice for managing cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • The citric acid cycle is a key player in mediating cardioprotective effects.
  • Novel metabolic pathways have been identified that can be targeted therapeutically.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic manipulation offers a promising strategy to combat ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • Targeting the citric acid cycle can enhance cardiac tolerance and reduce damage.
  • Interdisciplinary research is driving innovation in cardioprotective therapies.