Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

4
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
4
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

6
Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
6
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

2
PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
2
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

3.3K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
3.3K
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

5.6K
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
5.6K
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

4.7K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tear CHI3L1 in multiple sclerosis: a non-invasive biomarker linked to disease progression.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2026
Same author

Relapse-associated versus relapse-independent progression determines disability trajectories in multiple sclerosis beyond EDSS 3.0.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2026
Same author

An algorithm to predict intrathecal IgM synthesis in multiple sclerosis patients: optimizing the use of oligoclonal band testing.

Advances in laboratory medicine·2026
Same author

Neurofilaments: A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis.

Annals of neurosciences·2026
Same author

miRNA Signature in CSF From Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Cross-platform analytical assessment of serum GFAP quantification in multiple sclerosis: SIMOA versus two automated immunoassays.

Frontiers in neurology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy
07:07

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy

Published on: August 3, 2021

3.3K

Perturbed glucose metabolism: insights into multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.

Deepali Mathur1, Gerardo López-Rodas2, Bonaventura Casanova3

  • 1Department of Functional Biology, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.

Frontiers in Neurology
|December 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may involve defective pyruvate metabolism, with elevated blood pyruvate and Krebs cycle acids observed in patients. Further research into carbohydrate metabolism could reveal new treatments for this central nervous system disease.

Keywords:
brain glucose metabolismcell-specific mechanismsmitochondrial defectsmultiple sclerosisneurodegenerative diseases

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.2K
Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy
07:07

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy

Published on: August 3, 2021

3.3K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.2K
Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Autoimmune diseases

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating central nervous system (CNS) disease with unclear pathogenesis, though autoimmune T cell activity damaging myelin is suspected.
  • Early studies from the 1950s suggested potential defects in pyruvate metabolism in MS patients, noting elevated blood pyruvate levels during relapse.
  • Further research indicated increased levels of Krebs cycle intermediates, such as alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate, in MS patients, strengthening the link between disturbed pyruvate metabolism and disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To explore the potential role of impaired glucose metabolism in the pathophysiology of brain function in MS.
  • To highlight new perspectives and critical questions regarding metabolic dynamics in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating pyruvate and glucose metabolism in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Analysis of historical and contemporary research on metabolic abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients.
  • Examination of gene expression patterns related to glucose metabolic pathways in neurological disorders.

Main Results:

  • Consistent observations of elevated blood pyruvate levels in MS patients, particularly during relapse.
  • Increased levels of Krebs cycle acids (alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate) in MS patients suggest a broader disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Potential link between altered glucose metabolism and the progression of MS and other neurodegenerative conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Disturbed pyruvate and carbohydrate metabolism are implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Understanding these metabolic dynamics offers new avenues for MS research and potential therapeutic strategies.
  • Further investigation is crucial to fully elucidate the disease mechanisms and develop effective treatments.