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Evolution of equal division among unequal partners.

Stéphane Debove1, Nicolas Baumard, Jean-Baptiste André

  • 1Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), INSERM 1024, CNRS 8197, Ecole normale supérieure - PSL Research University, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. sd@stephanedebove.net.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|December 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Human fairness evolved through cooperation and partner choice, ensuring equal benefit sharing regardless of individual strength. This evolutionary model explains egalitarian behavior across all power dynamics.

Keywords:
Egalitarianismfairnessgame theorypartner choice

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Behavioral economics
  • Game theory

Background:

  • Human fairness is often insensitive to power imbalances, a trait poorly explained by existing evolutionary models.
  • Cooperation requires equitable benefit distribution, even when power dynamics are unequal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an evolutionary model explaining the emergence of fairness and egalitarianism.
  • To investigate how cooperation and partner choice influence benefit division irrespective of individual strength.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling the evolution of benefit division in an ultimatum game-like interaction.
  • Simulating a population with individuals of variable strength and incorporating partner choice.

Main Results:

  • Strong individuals do not gain an advantage; benefits are shared equally at evolutionary equilibrium.
  • The model's results are robust to changes in population size and the proportion of weak individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Cooperation and partner choice provide a viable evolutionary explanation for human egalitarianism.
  • This model suggests why egalitarian behaviors may be more prevalent in humans than other species.