Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Amygdala in Memory01:16

Role of Amygdala in Memory

1.8K
The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
One of the...
1.8K
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

9.5K
The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
9.5K
Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

450
Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
450
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

906
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
906
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

2.0K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
2.0K
Physiology of Emotion01:20

Physiology of Emotion

4.5K
The physiology of emotions is a multifaceted process involving the autonomic nervous system, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This intricate interplay dictates how emotions manifest in the body and influence behavior.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotional responses by regulating involuntary physiological functions. It consists of two main components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system...
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Stress across timescales: differential effects of acute and chronic stress on auditory processing and perception.

Hearing research·2026
Same author

Altered folate metabolism disrupts auditory function from neonatal vocalizations to adult perceptual precision.

Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders·2026
Same author

Prefrontal inhibitory mechanisms associated with Putamen activity during valence learning revealed by multimodal fMRI-fMRS.

Communications biology·2025
Same author

Repetitive stress decreases norepinephrine's dynamic range in the auditory cortex.

Neuropharmacology·2025
Same author

Integrated Ising model with global inhibition for decision-making.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Rate and noise in human amygdala drive increased exploration in aversive learning.

Nature·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

17.3K

Fear generalization in the primate amygdala.

Jennifer Resnik1, Rony Paz1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Nature Neuroscience
|December 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anxiety disorders may stem from generalized negative memories. A new primate model reveals amygdala neuron tuning changes that explain this broad stimulus generalization and improve detection.

More Related Videos

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala
09:49

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala

Published on: April 15, 2016

11.6K
Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

15.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

17.3K
Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala
09:49

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala

Published on: April 15, 2016

11.6K
Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

15.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Broad generalization of negative memories is a potential cause of anxiety disorders.
  • The specific neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a non-human primate model that replicates human behavioral observations related to anxiety.
  • To identify specific changes in amygdala neuron tuning properties associated with negative memory generalization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a non-human primate model.
  • Analysis of auditory tuning properties of amygdala neurons in response to conditioned stimuli.
  • Correlation of neural tuning characteristics with behavioral generalization.

Main Results:

  • The developed primate model successfully replicated human behavioral observations.
  • A specific relationship was identified: the width of auditory tuning in amygdala neurons increases as its center moves away from the conditioned stimulus.
  • This center-width relationship was shown to account for enhanced stimulus detection and broad stimulus generalization.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel primate model for investigating anxiety disorders.
  • Changes in amygdala neuron tuning properties, specifically the center-width relationship, are identified as a key mechanism for negative memory generalization in anxiety.
  • This finding offers potential targets for understanding and treating anxiety disorders.