Low-Power CMOS Laser Doppler Imaging Using Non-CDS Pixel Readout and 13.6-bit SAR ADC

Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) measures particle flows such as blood perfusion by sensing their Doppler shift. This paper is the first of its kind in analyzing the effect of circuit noise on LDI precision which is distinctively different from conventional imaging. Based on this result, it presents a non-correlated-double-sampling (non-CDS) pixel readout scheme along with a high-resolution successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) with 13.6b effective resolution (ER). Measurement results from the prototype chip in 0.18 μm technology confirm the theoretical analysis and show that the two techniques improve LDI sensing precision by 6.9 dB and 4.4 dB (compared to a 10b ADC) respectively without analog pre-amplification. The sensor's ADC occupies 518 μm×84 μm and is suitable for fast column parallel readout. Its differential non-linearity (DNL), integral non-linearity (INL), and input referred noise are +3.0/-2.8 LSB, +24/-17 LSB, and 110 μVrms respectively, leading to a Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 23 fJ/state which makes it one of the most energy efficient image sensor ADCs and an order of magnitude better than the best reported LDI system using commercial high-speed image sensors.