Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

7.8K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
7.8K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

4.7K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
4.7K
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

252
Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
252
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

1.7K
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
1.7K
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

1.1K
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
1.1K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.7K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Entry-level competency standards for optometry 2022.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2024
Same author

Trends and Outcomes of Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients on Chronic Steroids.

The American journal of cardiology·2022
Same author

Infection control guidelines for optometrists 2016.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2017
Same author

Optometry Australia Scope of Practice Survey 2015.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2017
Same author

Optometric supply and demand in Australia: 2011-2036.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2015
Same author

Eye care in the elderly.

Australian family physician·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

802

Optometry Australia Entry-level Competency Standards for Optometry 2014.

Patricia M Kiely1, Jared Slater

  • 1Optometry Australia, Melbourne, Australia. p.kiely@optometrists.asn.au.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|December 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Updated Australian optometry competency standards now integrate therapeutic prescribing skills for entry-level practitioners. This revision ensures alignment with current educational and registration requirements for the profession.

Keywords:
competency standardsentry-levelprescribing of scheduled medicines

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Practical and Cost-Effective Protocol for Corneal Sensitivity Testing in Clinical Settings
04:00

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Practical and Cost-Effective Protocol for Corneal Sensitivity Testing in Clinical Settings

Published on: August 2, 2024

3.7K
Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

802
Author Spotlight: Establishing a Practical and Cost-Effective Protocol for Corneal Sensitivity Testing in Clinical Settings
04:00

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Practical and Cost-Effective Protocol for Corneal Sensitivity Testing in Clinical Settings

Published on: August 2, 2024

3.7K
Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Optometry
  • Professional Competency Standards
  • Healthcare Education

Background:

  • Optometry competency standards in Australia have evolved since 1993.
  • Therapeutic competencies were previously separate but are now integrated at entry-level.
  • Recent changes necessitated a comprehensive revision to reflect current best practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revise and update the entry-level competency standards for the optometry profession in Australia.
  • To incorporate therapeutic prescribing competencies into the core entry-level requirements.
  • To ensure the standards remain current and relevant for accreditation and assessment.

Main Methods:

  • A steering committee led the revision process.
  • Methods included a literature review, workshops with optometrists, and broad stakeholder consultation.
  • Feedback from Australian and New Zealand professional representatives and academia was incorporated.

Main Results:

  • The updated standards for 2014 include competencies for prescribing scheduled medicines.
  • New material was added, and existing sections were modified to reflect current practice.
  • The revised entry-level competency standards were adopted in March 2014.

Conclusions:

  • The updated competency standards ensure continued relevance for the optometry profession.
  • Standards support accreditation of optometric programs and assessment of overseas-trained optometrists.
  • This paper documents the revision process and presents the 2014 entry-level standards.