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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Male-female differences in diabetic retinopathy?

Glen Y Ozawa1, Marcus A Bearse, Anthony J Adams

  • 1Berkeley School of Optometry, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA.

Current Eye Research
|December 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex significantly impacts diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Males show more abnormal neuroretinal function in type 2 diabetes, while incidence and severity of retinopathy differ between sexes across diabetes types.

Keywords:
Diabetesdiabetic retinopathyelectroretinogramgendermultifocal ERGneuroretinal functionsex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus affects millions globally, with potential complications like diabetic retinopathy.
  • Existing research indicates potential sex-based disparities in diabetes incidence and progression.
  • Neuroretinal dysfunction can precede manifest retinopathy, offering a predictive marker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize male-female differences in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy incidence and prevalence.
  • To investigate how sex influences neuroretinal function in type 2 diabetes.
  • To correlate sex with the occurrence and severity of retinopathy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.
  • Analysis of current research data on neuroretinal function in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic individuals.
  • Comparison of neuroretinal function between males and females across different age groups and diabetes types.

Main Results:

  • Type 2 diabetes alters neuroretinal function differently in males and females under 50, with males exhibiting more abnormalities.
  • Adolescent males have higher type 1 diabetes incidence, while females have higher type 2 incidence, shifting towards equal incidence in adults.
  • Advanced retinopathy in type 1 diabetes is more common in males; retinopathy at diagnosis in type 2 diabetes is associated with male sex.

Conclusions:

  • Sex is a significant factor influencing the incidence and prevalence of diabetes.
  • Male sex is associated with more severe neuroretinal dysfunction and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving these observed sex-based differences in diabetes and its ocular complications.