Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

9.5K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
9.5K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

7.1K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
7.1K
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

4
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
4
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

4
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
4
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

6
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
6
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

5
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
5

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Testicular malakoplakia in a middle-aged Han Chinese male: a case report and review of the literature.

Journal of medical case reports·2026
Same author

Glycemic variability does not provide incremental prognostic value for in-hospital death in community-acquired pneumonia patients: conventional clinical variables dominate.

BMC pulmonary medicine·2026
Same author

A Review of the Activity Regulation of Au and Pt Bimetallic Nanozymes and Their Application in Food Safety Analysis.

Biosensors·2026
Same author

Atypical presentation of glomus tumor in the facial superficial vein on high-frequency ultrasound: a case report.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to " Panax notoginseng saponins ameliorate spinal cord injury by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3-mediated macrophage polarization: Enhanced delivery by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction" [Phytomedicine Volume 152, March 2026, 157856].

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology·2026
Same author

Altered regional homogeneity in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: a resting-state fMRI study.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Causal Association Between Thyroid Function and Myeloproliferative Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

The Role of Lipid Disorders in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Saudis: A Review Perspective.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

A Novel Sarcopenia Screening Score Based on Thyroid Function Parameters in Euthyroid Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Adults.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Repurposing the Antibiotic Tigecycline to Inhibit Tumor Growth and Hormone Secretion in Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Deletion of miR-122-5p Exacerbated Hyperthyroidism-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Ferroptosis.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

RETRACTION: Antidiabetic Activity of <i>Vinca rosea</i> Extracts in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

International journal of endocrinology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

850

Clinical evaluation of various thyroid hormones on thyroid function.

Hong Li1, Xiaolan Yuan1, Lu Liu1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, . Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Middle Road, Shanghai 200072, China.

International Journal of Endocrinology
|December 31, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid function assessment can be optimized by measuring thyrotropin (TSH) alongside free thyroxine (FT4) in healthy individuals. For hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, TSH and total thyroxine (TT4) are the most meaningful indicators.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.4K
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

850
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.4K
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones, including total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4), are crucial for metabolic regulation.
  • Thyrotropin (TSH) is a primary regulator of thyroid hormone production and a key marker for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Current diagnostic strategies for thyroid function assessment vary, necessitating an evaluation of the most effective and economical indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the clinical utility of serum TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 in assessing thyroid function.
  • To identify the most valuable thyroid function indicators alongside TSH for different populations.
  • To propose a more eligible and economical strategy for thyroid function assessment.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 2,673 participants: 500 with hyperthyroidism, 500 with hypothyroidism, and 1,673 healthy individuals.
  • Serum levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, and TSH were measured using VIDAS fluorescent enzyme immunoassay.
  • Pearson correlation analysis was employed to assess the relationship between thyroid hormones and TSH.

Main Results:

  • In healthy individuals, TSH showed statistically significant correlations with TT4 (R=-0.065) and FT4 (R=-0.152).
  • In hyperthyroid patients, TSH correlated significantly with TT4 (R=-0.241), FT4 (R=-0.225), TT3 (R=-0.195), and FT3 (R=-0.176).
  • In hypothyroid patients, TSH correlated significantly with TT4 (R=-0.322), FT4 (R=-0.262), TT3 (R=-0.179), and FT3 (R=-0.136).

Conclusions:

  • TSH and FT4 are the most valuable indicators for assessing thyroid function in the general healthy population.
  • TSH and TT4 are the most meaningful indicators for evaluating thyroid function in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
  • This study suggests an optimized and cost-effective approach to thyroid function testing.