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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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RNA-binding proteins in pluripotency, differentiation, and reprogramming.

Diana Guallar1, Jianlong Wang2

  • 1The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA ; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Frontiers in Biology
|January 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are crucial for stem cell functions like pluripotency and differentiation. This review highlights RBPs involved in maintaining stem cell identity, guiding differentiation, and reprogramming somatic cells in humans and mice.

Keywords:
RNA-binding proteindifferentiationembryonic stem celllncRNApluripotencysomatic cell reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and reprogramming involve pluripotency factors, epigenetic remodelers, and signaling pathways.
  • RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate diverse cellular processes, including RNA metabolism and epigenetic modifications.
  • Recent research increasingly identifies new RBPs and their functions in biological systems, particularly stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current studies on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).
  • To focus on RBPs with functional implications in pluripotency, differentiation, and/or reprogramming.
  • To cover findings in both human and mouse systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on RBPs in stem cells.
  • Analysis of functional roles of RBPs in pluripotency, differentiation, and reprogramming.
  • Comparative assessment of findings in human and mouse models.

Main Results:

  • RBPs play significant roles in regulating stem cell pluripotency.
  • Specific RBPs are identified as key players in directing stem cell differentiation pathways.
  • Certain RBPs are implicated in the successful reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent states.

Conclusions:

  • RNA-binding proteins are integral regulators of stem cell fate decisions.
  • Understanding RBP functions is critical for advancing stem cell research and therapeutic applications.
  • Targeting RBPs may offer novel strategies for controlling cell identity and development.