Frequency-Dependence of Mechanically Stimulated Osteoblastic Calcification in Tissue-Engineered Bone In Vitro

The effect of mechanical stimulation on osteogenesis remains controversial, especially with respect to the loading frequency that maximizes osteogenesis. Mechanical stimulation at an optimized frequency may be beneficial for the bone tissue regeneration to promote osteoblastic calcification. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency-dependent effect of mechanical loading on osteoblastic calcification in the tissue-engineered bones in vitro. Tissue-engineered bones were constructed by seeding rat osteoblasts into a type I collagen sponge scaffold at a cell density of 1600 or 24,000 cells/mm(3). Sinusoidal compressive deformation at the peak of 0.2% was applied to the tissue-engineered bones at 0.2, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 60 Hz for 3 min/day for 14 consecutive days. Optically-monitored calcium content started to increase on days 5-7 and reached the highest value at 2 Hz on day 14; however, no increase was observed at 0.2 Hz and in the control. Ash content measured after the mechanical stimulation also showed the highest at 2 Hz despite the differences in cell seeding density. It was concluded that mechanical stimulation at 2 Hz showed the highest promotional effect for osteogenesis in vitro among the frequencies selected in this study.