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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Framing Effects03:26

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

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The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
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Impact of Schemas01:30

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Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
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Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

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Distinctiveness and encoding effects in online sentence comprehension.

Philip Hofmeister1, Shravan Vasishth2

  • 1Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex Colchester, UK.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elaborating on target words improves memory during sentence processing, but isolated features like text color do not enhance recall. Encoding remnants influence retrieval cues and memory interference.

Keywords:
distinctivenessencodingretrievalsentence processingsimilarity

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Elaboration and contextual isolation enhance explicit memory recall and recognition.
  • Understanding these memory effects in real-time sentence processing is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how elaboration and superficial feature isolation affect memory during online sentence processing.
  • To examine the role of target noun phrase elaboration and feature homogeneity (text color) in English object relative clause constructions.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Manipulated elaboration of target noun phrases during encoding and measured reading times at retrieval sites.
  • Experiment 2: Manipulated isolated superficial features (text color) of target noun phrases and assessed memory performance.

Main Results:

  • Increased elaboration of target words during encoding significantly reduced reading times at retrieval sites.
  • Elaboration of non-target words had minimal impact on retrieval.
  • Processing isolated superficial features (e.g., word color) did not enhance memory performance, despite increased encoding time.

Conclusions:

  • Elaboration of target information is a key factor in facilitating memory during sentence processing.
  • Isolated superficial features do not effectively contribute to memory enhancement in this context.
  • Findings align with memory models suggesting encoding remnants influence retrieval cues and similarity-based interference.