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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cholera01:25

Cholera

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

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Norovirus.

Elizabeth Robilotti1, Stan Deresinski1, Benjamin A Pinsky2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|January 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Norovirus, a highly transmissible enteric pathogen, causes significant illness globally. Effective infection control measures are crucial for managing norovirus outbreaks and preventing widespread gastroenteritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Norovirus (family Caliciviridae) is a major cause of human enteric illness in healthcare and community settings.
  • High transmissibility is attributed to low infectious dose, prolonged shedding, and environmental stability.
  • Challenges in vaccine development are linked to host and pathogen factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental virology and immunology of noroviruses.
  • To outline the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of norovirus infections.
  • To discuss epidemiological aspects, infection control, and global surveillance for norovirus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of norovirus virology, immunology, and clinical disease.
  • Analysis of factors influencing norovirus transmissibility and vaccine development.
  • Synthesis of epidemiological data and infection control strategies.

Main Results:

  • Norovirus infection is characterized by significant morbidity, with transmission facilitated by several viral and host factors.
  • Vaccine development is complicated by diverse host immune responses and viral genetic variability.
  • Effective infection control and surveillance are essential for managing outbreaks.

Conclusions:

  • Norovirus remains a significant global public health concern, necessitating robust infection control.
  • Understanding norovirus biology and epidemiology is key to mitigating its impact.
  • Prompt implementation of control measures is vital for managing norovirus outbreaks.