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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Aggressive pituitary tumors.

Eleftherios Chatzellis1, Krystallenia I Alexandraki, Ioannis I Androulakis

  • 1Endocrine Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Neuroendocrinology
|January 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aggressive pituitary tumors require better definition with clinical, radiological, histological, and molecular markers. Current treatments are challenging, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies and centralized tumor registration.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial tumors, typically benign.
  • Rarely, they exhibit aggressive behavior, invasion, treatment resistance, recurrence, or metastasis (pituitary carcinomas).
  • Atypical adenomas are recognized but lack precise correlation between histology and clinical behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define 'aggressive' pituitary adenomas using clinical, radiological, histological, and molecular markers.
  • To identify patients at increased risk of recurrence or progression.
  • To review current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiology, clinical, histopathological, and molecular features of aggressive pituitary tumors.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic approaches and their efficacy.
  • Discussion of the need for improved classification and prognostic markers.

Main Results:

  • No single marker or classification system accurately defines pituitary tumor aggressiveness.
  • Conventional treatments often fail, requiring multiple interventions.
  • Temozolomide and targeted therapies show promise but lack robust data.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate definition of aggressive pituitary tumors is needed for risk stratification.
  • Novel therapeutic agents and approaches are under investigation.
  • Centralized registration and further research into prognostic markers are essential.