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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

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Pathological Classification and Clinical Characteristics of Growth Hormone-Secreting PitNETs.

Zhenwei Li, Yinzi Wu, Yike Gao

    Neuroendocrinology
    |June 25, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors (PitNETs) show significant pathological diversity. Sparsely granulated somatotroph tumors (SGSTs) exhibit more aggressive behavior, and PIT1/SF1 co-expressing tumors are a distinct subtype requiring further study.

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    Published on: November 16, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Acromegaly/gigantism is rare, often caused by growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs).
    • The WHO 5th edition classification introduced new subtypes, like PIT1/SF1 co-expressing tumors, advancing understanding.
    • Systematic studies on GH-secreting PitNET subtypes are limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform pathological classification and clinical characterization of GH-secreting PitNETs.
    • To compare clinical and pathological features among different GH-secreting PitNET subtypes.
    • To evaluate the significance of novel tumor subtypes in acromegaly/gigantism.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective study of 143 acromegaly/gigantism patients treated surgically (June 2022-December 2024).
    • Re-evaluation of tumor specimens for pathological subtyping.
    • Collection and comparison of demographic, radiological, hormonal, immunohistochemical, and clinical outcome data.

    Main Results:

    • 45% were pure GH-secreting tumors; others showed co-expression.
    • Sparsely granulated somatotroph tumors (SGSTs) showed increased cavernous sinus invasion, larger size, and lower GH/SSTR2 expression, indicating aggressive behavior.
    • PIT1/SF1 co-expressing tumors (19 cases) displayed diverse hormonal profiles and higher cavernous sinus invasion than PIT1-lineage tumors.

    Conclusions:

    • GH-secreting PitNETs are heterogeneous, necessitating refined classification criteria for diagnostic consistency.
    • SGSTs present an invasive phenotype requiring vigilant clinical monitoring.
    • PIT1/SF1 co-expressing tumors are a distinct, heterogeneous entity for future classification frameworks.