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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
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Perspectives on osteoporosis therapies.

E Cairoli1,2, V V Zhukouskaya3,4, C Eller-Vainicher3,4

  • 1Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Padiglione Granelli, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy. elisa.cairoli@live.it.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|January 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

New osteoporosis treatments aim to reduce fracture risk by targeting bone resorption and formation. Novel therapies like cathepsin K inhibitors and Wnt pathway activators offer promising, uncoupled bone remodeling for improved osteoporosis management.

Keywords:
AnabolicsAntiresorptivesBone formationBone resorptionOsteoporosis treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Pharmacology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Osteoporosis causes fragility fractures, high morbidity, and economic burden.
  • An imbalance between bone resorption and apposition reduces bone density and quality, increasing fracture risk.
  • Current osteoporosis drugs have limitations and side effects, with some affecting both bone resorption and formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.
  • To highlight novel drug targets and agents that may improve fracture risk reduction.
  • To discuss the potential of new therapies to uncouple bone resorption and formation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of osteoporosis pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Analysis of molecular insights into osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte activity.
  • Evaluation of novel therapeutic agents, including cathepsin K inhibitors and Wnt pathway activators.

Main Results:

  • Existing antiresorptive drugs can inhibit bone formation, and anabolic drugs can increase bone resorption.
  • New agents like cathepsin K inhibitors and sclerostin antibodies show potential to selectively modulate bone remodeling.
  • Preclinical studies are investigating further therapeutic targets for future osteoporosis treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in bone biology provide new targets for osteoporosis therapy.
  • Novel agents offer the potential to uncouple bone resorption and formation, improving treatment efficacy.
  • Emerging therapies hold promise for more effective osteoporosis management and fracture risk reduction.