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Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones01:11

Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.
Common names of aldehydes are derived from the names of their corresponding acid. For instance, the two-carbon aldehyde–acetaldehyde derives its name from the corresponding acid–acetic acid. Similarly, formaldehyde derives its name from formic acid and benzaldehyde from benzoic acid.
Aliphatic ketones are named by suffixing the word...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

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Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

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Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

11.5K
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

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Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide...
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Formaldehyde.

Ann Pontén1, Magnus Bruze

  • 1From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö, Sweden.

Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug
|January 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Formaldehyde allergy diagnosis is improved by using a 2.0% patch test concentration. This enhanced method detects twice as many allergies without increasing irritation, helping identify more patients with formaldehyde contact allergy.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Contact Dermatitis

Background:

  • Formaldehyde is a common allergen, designated the American Contact Dermatitis Society Contact Allergen of the Year in 2015.
  • Diagnosing formaldehyde contact allergy can be challenging due to widespread exposure and difficulties in evaluating clinical relevance.
  • Previous patch test concentrations may have missed a significant number of allergic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the enhanced patch test technique for diagnosing formaldehyde contact allergy.
  • To determine the clinical relevance and efficacy of a higher formaldehyde patch test concentration.
  • To provide background for the routine use of formaldehyde 2.0% in patch testing.

Main Methods:

  • Studies were conducted in Europe and the United States utilizing the Finn Chamber patch test system.
  • A standardized allergen dose was applied using a micropipette to ensure uniformity.
  • The efficacy of formaldehyde 2.0% was compared against the previously used 1.0% concentration.

Main Results:

  • The recommended patch test concentration for formaldehyde is now 2.0% (0.60 mg/cm (wt/vol)).
  • The 2.0% concentration detects twice as many formaldehyde contact allergies compared to 1.0%.
  • This higher concentration identifies patients who would have been missed with the lower concentration, without causing increased irritant reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing the formaldehyde patch test concentration to 2.0% significantly improves diagnostic yield.
  • The use of a micropipette ensures consistent allergen delivery, enhancing test reliability.
  • The updated patch test concentration and method are crucial for accurate diagnosis of formaldehyde allergy.