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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

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Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
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Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
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Novel long-acting GH preparations.

Mirjana Doknic1, Marko Stojanovic, Vera Popovic

  • 1Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia.

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER
|January 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-acting growth hormone (GH) formulations improve treatment compliance for children and adults with GH deficiency. Short-term studies show these novel GH therapies are effective and safe, though long-term data is still needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Daily growth hormone (GH) injections present compliance challenges, particularly for adolescents.
  • Low adherence to GH therapy increases with treatment duration in adults.
  • Novel long-acting GH formulations aim to reduce treatment burden through less frequent administration and improved delivery devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and efficacy of long-acting growth hormone (GH) formulations.
  • To assess the safety and effectiveness of novel GH delivery methods.
  • To highlight the need for further long-term studies on these advanced GH therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on long-acting GH formulations.
  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Evaluation of available clinical trial results for sustained-release and modified GH preparations.

Main Results:

  • Various long-acting GH formulations, including sustained-release and modified GH molecules, have been developed and tested.
  • These novel formulations demonstrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic efficacy, prolonging GH action and increasing IGF-I levels.
  • Short-term clinical data indicate that once-weekly GH treatment is effective and safe for children and adults with GH deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Available short-term data suggest long-acting GH preparations are effective and safe for GH-deficient individuals.
  • Further research is required to fully understand the physiology and long-term implications of these advanced GH formulations.
  • Long-term studies are essential to confirm the sustained value and safety profile of extended-release GH therapies.