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Retrospective Study on Fatal Melioidosis in Captive Zoo Animals in Thailand
T Kasantikul1,2, A Sommanustweechai1, K Polsrila3
1Bureau of Conservation Research and Education, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, Thailand.
Abstract:
Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and is an important zoonotic infectious disease causing high mortality from fulminant septicaemia in humans and a wide variety of animal species. The incidence of fatal melioidosis in zoo animals has been significant in many Thai zoos. A total number of 32 cases were evaluated throughout the Thai zoo animal populations. The highest prevalence of disease has been reported from the north-eastern region followed by the zoos in the southern part of the country, approximately 47% and 38%, respectively, while the other zoos reported sporadic infections. Herbivores and non-human primates were the most commonly affected animals with incidences of 59% and 28%, respectively. This appears to be a seasonal correlation with the highest incidence of melioidosis in zoo animals reported in the rainy season (44%) or subdivided monthly in June (19%) followed by September and November (16% and 12%, respectively). The route of infection and the incubation period still remain unclear. This retrospective study examined the clinical presentation in various zoo species, pathological findings and epidemiological data as well as conducting an in depth literature review.
Insights
Melioidosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, significantly impacts Thai zoo animals, particularly herbivores and primates. This study highlights its seasonal occurrence and regional prevalence, emphasizing the need for further research into transmission routes.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Infectious Diseases
- Zoological Medicine
Background:
- Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a significant zoonotic disease with high mortality in humans and diverse animal species.
- Fatal melioidosis cases have been notably observed in Thai zoo animals, indicating a substantial public health and animal welfare concern.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the epidemiology and clinical presentation of melioidosis in Thai zoo animals.
- To identify the most affected animal species, geographical distribution, and seasonal patterns of the disease within zoo populations.
- To review existing literature on melioidosis in zoo animals.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective study analyzing 32 cases of melioidosis in Thai zoo animals.
- Evaluation of epidemiological data, including geographical prevalence, affected species, and seasonal incidence.
- Examination of clinical presentations and pathological findings.
- In-depth literature review.
Main Results:
- The highest prevalence was observed in the north-eastern (47%) and southern (38%) regions of Thailand.
- Herbivores (59%) and non-human primates (28%) were the most commonly affected animal groups.
- Disease incidence peaked during the rainy season, particularly in June (19%), September (16%), and November (12%).
Conclusions:
- Melioidosis poses a significant threat to Thai zoo animals, with distinct regional and seasonal patterns.
- Herbivores and non-human primates are particularly vulnerable.
- Further research is crucial to elucidate the routes of infection and incubation periods for effective disease management and prevention strategies in zoo settings.
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