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Related Concept Videos

Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

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Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
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Perception01:28

Perception

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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
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How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

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Reward modulates perception in binocular rivalry.

Svenja Marx1, Wolfgang Einhäuser1

  • 1Neurophysics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.

Journal of Vision
|January 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Value influences perception similarly to attention, even under high cognitive load. Rewarding a visual percept increases its dominance, demonstrating how value shapes our subjective experience.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Perception

Background:

  • Perception is not a direct reflection of reality but is shaped by internal states like expectations and goals.
  • The influence of value and reward on perception, and its relationship with attention, remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how reward value modulates visual perception.
  • To examine the interplay between value-based modulation and attentional mechanisms in perception.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a binocular rivalry paradigm where participants viewed competing visual stimuli.
  • Employed optokinetic nystagmus as an objective measure of subjective perceptual dominance.
  • Manipulated reward contingencies and attentional demands on the stimuli.
Keywords:
attentionbinocular rivalrydecision makingperceptionreward

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

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How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker
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Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
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Main Results:

  • Reward and attention similarly biased perceptual dominance.
  • Reward continued to modulate perception, increasing the dominance of rewarded stimuli, irrespective of attentional load.
  • Penalizing a stimulus increased the dominance of the alternative stimulus, even with attention demands.
  • Reward and non-punishment led to performance benefits typically linked to selective attention.

Conclusions:

  • Value significantly modulates perception, mimicking the effects of attention.
  • The impact of value on perception is robust and largely independent of attentional load.