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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Anomalous biceps origin from the rotator cuff.

Samik Banerjee1, Vipul R Patel2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland-21215, USA.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|January 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An anomalous origin of the long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) from the rotator cuff can cause shoulder dysfunction and restricted movement in middle age. Surgical release may be necessary for symptomatic cases.

Keywords:
AnomalousShoulder impingement syndromebicepsimpingementrotator cufftendons

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Variations in the long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) origin are documented.
  • The clinical significance of these variations, particularly anomalous origins, is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of anomalous LHBT origin from the rotator cuff.
  • To discuss its clinical presentation, arthroscopic findings, and management implications.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing patient history and physical examination.
  • Arthroscopic evaluation of the shoulder joint.
  • Surgical intervention for symptomatic pathology.

Main Results:

  • A patient presented with restricted range of motion due to an anomalous LHBT origin.
  • Arthroscopy revealed the aberrant tendon originating from the rotator cuff, causing capsular contracture and secondary internal impingement.
  • Release of the anomalous band and treatment of concomitant intra-articular pathologies were performed.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant congenital origin of the LHBT from the rotator cuff is an uncommon cause of shoulder dysfunction.
  • Middle-aged individuals may develop symptomatic pathology from this anomaly.
  • Awareness among shoulder arthroscopists is crucial for diagnosis and management, potentially requiring release of the anomalous band.