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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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[Recent progress in radiation therapy].

Masahiro Hiraoka1, Haruo Inokuchi

  • 1Dept. of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|January 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Selective tumor damage in radiation therapy is crucial. Advanced techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy struggle with tumor movement, leading to clinical investigation of 4-dimensional radiotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Context:

  • Selective tumor damage is a key challenge in radiation therapy.
  • Current physical and biological approaches have limitations.
  • Tumor movement during treatment compromises accuracy.

Purpose:

  • To review current strategies for selective tumor damage in radiation therapy.
  • To highlight the limitations of existing radiotherapy techniques concerning tumor mobility.
  • To introduce 4-dimensional radiotherapy as a potential solution.

Summary:

  • Radiation therapy aims for selective tumor damage using biological (e.g., chemoradiotherapy) or physical methods (e.g., stereotactic radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, particle therapy).
  • Sophisticated techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy are often inadequate due to unpredictable tumor movement.

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  • 4-dimensional radiotherapy is under clinical investigation to overcome the challenges posed by tumor motion.

    • Impact:

    • Improved accuracy and efficacy of radiation therapy.
    • Reduced damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
    • Advancement in the clinical application of motion-adaptive radiotherapy techniques.