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Genome engineering in cattle: recent technological advancements.

Zhongde Wang1

  • 1Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University of Utah, UMC 9825, 4700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA, zonda.wang@usu.edu.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
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Recent advancements in cattle genome engineering, including cloning and gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, enable precise genetic modifications for agricultural and biomedical uses.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Biotechnology
  • Genomics
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and chromatin transfer (CT) have revolutionized cattle cloning, eliminating the need for embryonic stem cells in genome engineering.
  • Site-specific genetic modifications in bovine somatic cells, such as gene knockout (KO) or knock-in (KI) via homologous recombination (HR), are now feasible.
  • Embryonic cloning has enabled sequential and complex genetic modifications in cattle by rejuvenating somatic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent technological developments in cattle genome engineering.
  • To highlight major achievements in creating genetically engineered cattle.
  • To discuss applications in agriculture and biomedicine.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or chromatin transfer (CT) for cattle cloning.
  • Employing DNA homologous recombination (HR) for site-specific gene modifications (KO/KI) in somatic cells.
  • Leveraging designer nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9, for precise gene editing.

Main Results:

  • Designer nucleases allow for highly efficient and facile genome engineering in cattle.
  • Single-nucleotide precision gene editing is now achievable in cattle genomes.
  • These advanced techniques offer a significant improvement over traditional random DNA integration methods.

Conclusions:

  • Technological advancements have dramatically improved cattle genome engineering capabilities.
  • Precise gene editing techniques are paving the way for novel agricultural and biomedical applications in cattle.
  • The field is rapidly evolving, moving beyond random genome modifications to targeted genetic alterations.