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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Ectopic thyroid tissue in submandibular and infrahyoid region.

Vahit Mutlu1

  • 1Clinic of Ear Nose and Throat, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.

The Eurasian Journal of Medicine
|January 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Ectopic thyroid tissue in the submandibular region, alongside a normally located thyroid, is exceptionally rare. This case highlights a 65-year-old female with a submandibular mass, confirmed as functional thyroid tissue post-biopsy.

Keywords:
Ectopic Thyroidsubmandibular and infrahyoid spacesurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Embryology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid gland development involves complex embryogenesis and migration.
  • Ectopic thyroid tissue can result from developmental anomalies.
  • Submandibular ectopic thyroid coexisting with a normal thyroid gland is exceedingly rare.

Observation:

  • A 65-year-old female presented with a painless submandibular mass.
  • Imaging revealed functional thyroid tissue in the submandibular and infrahyoid regions.
  • The patient had a history of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter.

Findings:

  • Contrast-enhanced CT, ultrasound-guided FNA, and thyroid scintigraphy confirmed ectopic functional thyroid tissue.
  • Pathological examination of the excised mass showed normal thyroid follicles without malignancy.
  • Postoperative thyroid function tests remained within normal limits.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering ectopic thyroid tissue in differential diagnoses of neck masses.
  • It highlights the potential for residual or ectopic thyroid tissue to remain functional after thyroidectomy.
  • Understanding embryological migration patterns is crucial for diagnosing rare ectopic presentations.