Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Storage01:23

Storage

504
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
504
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

570
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
570
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

776
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
776
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

588
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
588
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

2.1K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
2.1K
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.4K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Latent subdimensions of anxiety and depression differentially influence exertion of effort in pursuit of reward versus avoidance of threat.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Neural signatures of model-based and model-free reinforcement learning across prefrontal cortex and striatum.

eLife·2026
Same author

Uncertainty for better and worse.

Current opinion in neurobiology·2026
Same author

Interpreting human sleep activity through neural contrastive learning.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Dopamine dynamics in human anterior cingulate cortex during Pavlovian-instrumental conflict.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Modality-general sensitivity of pupil responses to regularity violations.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Distinct involvements of the subthalamic nucleus subpopulations in reward-biased decision-making in monkeys.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Pink1-mediated mitophagy in the endothelium releases proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA and activates neutrophil responses during inflammation.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Restraint of melanoma progression by cells in the local skin environment.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Brawn before bite in endemic Asian eutherian mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Experimental evolution to thermal stress indicates climate resilience in a cosmopolitan arthropod.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Correlates of protection against African swine fever virus identified by a systems immunology approach.

eLife·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

35.9K

Temporal structure in associative retrieval.

Zeb Kurth-Nelson1, Gareth Barnes1, Dino Sejdinovic2

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Elife
|January 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural activity patterns show rich dynamics when retrieving objects from memory. The temporal structure of this retrieved activity, measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG), is key to reward learning generalization.

Keywords:
MEGhumanmemorymodelmultivariateneurosciencerepresentationretrieval

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.9K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

14.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

35.9K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.9K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

14.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Electrophysiological data reveal complex neural activity dynamics during sensory object perception.
  • Memory retrieval reinstates neural activity patterns, but their temporal structure in humans is not well understood.
  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers high spatiotemporal precision to investigate neural dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the temporal structure of retrieved neural representations in humans.
  • To investigate the role of retrieved neural activity in associative learning and reward generalization.
  • To address the gap in understanding the temporal dynamics of memory retrieval using MEG.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a sensory preconditioning paradigm where indirect objects were linked to direct objects, which were then associated with rewards.
  • Employed multivariate analysis methods to examine the short-time evolution of neural representations.
  • Measured neural activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) with high spatiotemporal resolution.

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct components in the evoked neural representation of indirect stimuli, separated by 200 ms.
  • Found that the retrieval strength of one specific representational component correlated with the generalization of reward learning.
  • The other representational component's retrieval strength did not correlate with reward learning generalization.

Conclusions:

  • The temporal structure within retrieved neural representations plays a crucial role in cognitive functions like associative learning.
  • Specific temporal components of neural representations are critical for generalizing learned associations, such as reward value.
  • Investigating the temporal dynamics of neural representations provides insights into memory retrieval and learning mechanisms.