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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1...
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Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
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Air pollution as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Xiaoquan Rao1, Priti Patel1, Robin Puett1

  • 1*Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore and Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park.

Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology
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Air pollution may increase type 2 diabetes risk. This review examines evidence linking outdoor air pollution to diabetes, exploring mechanisms in key tissues like the immune system and liver.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Growing evidence suggests a link between air pollution and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • The precise mechanisms by which air pollution contributes to T2DM remain unclear.
  • Conflicting results exist in human epidemiologic studies regarding this association.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current epidemiologic and experimental evidence on the association between ambient outdoor air pollution and T2DM risk.
  • To highlight potential biological pathways and affected tissues involved in air pollution-induced T2DM.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of human observational studies and animal experimental research.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the impact of air pollution on T2DM pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiologic studies present mixed findings on the air pollution-T2DM link.
  • Experimental studies in susceptible models support an association.
  • Evidence suggests involvement of the immune system, adipose tissue, liver, and central nervous system in T2DM pathogenesis related to air pollution.

Conclusions:

  • Ambient air pollution is a potential risk factor for T2DM.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying this relationship.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventative strategies against T2DM in polluted environments.