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Nurse workforce characteristics and infection risk in VA Community Living Centers: a longitudinal analysis
Mayuko Uchida-Nakakoji1, Patricia W Stone, Susan K Schmitt
1*Columbia University School of Nursing, Center for Health Policy, New York, NY †Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto ‡Stanford University School of Medicine, Standford, CA.
Objective:
To examine effects of workforce characteristics on resident infections in Veterans Affairs (VA) Community Living Centers (CLCs).
Data Sources:
A 6-year panel of monthly, unit-specific data included workforce characteristics (from the VA Decision Support System and Payroll data) and characteristics of residents and outcome measures (from the Minimum Data Set).
Study Design:
A resident infection composite was the dependent variable. Workforce characteristics of registered nurses (RN), licensed practical nurses (LPN), nurse aides (NA), and contract nurses included: staffing levels, skill mix, and tenure. Descriptive statistics and unit-level fixed effects regressions were conducted. Robustness checks varying workforce and outcome parameters were examined.
Principal Findings:
Average nursing hours per resident day was 4.59 hours (SD=1.21). RN tenure averaged 4.7 years (SD=1.64) and 4.2 years for both LPN (SD=1.84) and NA (SD=1.72). In multivariate analyses RN and LPN tenure were associated with decreased infections by 3.8% (incident rate ratio [IRR]=0.962, P<0.01) and 2% (IRR=0.98, P<0.01) respectively. Robustness checks consistently found RN and LPN tenure to be associated with decreased infections.
Conclusions:
Increasing RN and LPN tenure are likely to reduce CLC resident infections. Administrators and policymakers need to focus on recruiting and retaining a skilled nursing workforce.
