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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

15.6K
Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b),...
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
7.0K
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

5.0K
As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
5.0K
Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases01:14

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

2.8K
This lesson deals with the crossed aldol reaction using weak bases. The self-condensation of an aldehyde having α hydrogen is prevented by adding it slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and weak bases like hydroxide and alkoxide. Upon slow addition of the aldehyde, the base deprotonates the α carbon of the aldehyde to form the corresponding enolate. The enolate subsequently attacks the formaldehyde to form a single crossed product. Figure 1 depicts the aforementioned reaction.
2.8K
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

5.4K
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is...
5.4K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

11.5K
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
11.5K

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Research on odor interaction between aldehyde compounds via a partial differential equation (PDE) model.

Luchun Yan1, Jiemin Liu2, Chen Qu3

  • 1School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China. yanluchun@126.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

This study reveals that mixing ratios, not concentration, dictate binary odor interactions. A partial differential equation (PDE) model effectively predicts joint odor intensity for aldehydes.

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Area of Science:

  • Sensory Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding odor interactions in mixtures is crucial for fields like perfumery and environmental science.
  • Aldehydes are common volatile organic compounds with significant olfactory impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the odor interaction of binary odor mixtures, specifically aldehydes.
  • To develop and validate a model for predicting the joint odor intensity of mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Odor intensity evaluation tests were conducted on individual aldehydes and their binary mixtures.
  • A partial differential equation (PDE) model was employed to analyze the relationship between constituent concentrations and joint odor intensity.
  • Odor intensity matching tests were used to validate an extended PDE model.

Main Results:

  • Binary odor interaction is primarily influenced by the mixing ratio of constituents, not overall concentration.
  • The extended PDE model demonstrated effectiveness in predicting odor intensity for binary mixtures.
  • Odorants within the same chemical group and with similar odor types showed comparable interaction characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The partial differential equation (PDE) model provides an interpretable framework for understanding binary odor interactions.
  • Mixing ratios are key determinants of perceived odor intensity in aldehyde mixtures.
  • The developed PDE model offers a predictive tool for complex olfactory scenarios.