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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The glass transition in high-density amorphous ice.

Thomas Loerting1, Violeta Fuentes-Landete1, Philip H Handle1

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids
|February 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The study reveals distinct glass transition temperatures for low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and high-density amorphous ice (HDA). These transitions occur at different temperatures, clarifying previous controversies in amorphous ice research.

Keywords:
Dielectric relaxation spectroscopyDifferential scanning calorimetryGlass transitionHigh-density amorphous icePolyamorphism

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • The glass transition in low-density amorphous ice (LDA) has been a long-standing controversy, particularly regarding its behavior above 136 K.
  • High-density amorphous ice (HDA) is metastable at ambient pressure but becomes less so at higher pressures, making its glass transition a key area of study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and clarify the glass transition behavior of high-density amorphous ice (HDA).
  • To differentiate the glass transition temperatures of LDA, HDA, and very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA).

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental findings on amorphous ice transitions.
  • Analysis of pressure-temperature (p-T) phase diagrams and glass transition temperatures (Tg).

Main Results:

  • Experimental observations suggest distinct glass transition temperatures for LDA and HDA.
  • The glass transition of HDA was observed at 116 K at ambient pressure, differing from LDA's transition.
  • Evidence suggests that previous studies at higher pressures may have probed the glass transition of very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA).

Conclusions:

  • Low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and high-density amorphous ice (HDA) exhibit clearly separated glass transition temperatures.
  • Three distinct glass transition lines can be defined in the p-T plane for LDA, HDA, and VHDA, resolving prior ambiguities.