Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

13.7K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
13.7K
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

39.7K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
39.7K
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

16.8K
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
16.8K
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

74.3K
Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
74.3K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

36.9K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
36.9K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

160.7K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
160.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Design and discovery of 'tug-of-war' riboswitches.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

High-throughput functional profiling and evolutionary covariation analysis of entire riboswitch sequences.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

In Vitro Detection of Glyphosate by Coupling Enzymatic Conversion and Transcriptional Biosensors.

ACS synthetic biology·2026
Same author

High-throughput engineering of ligand-activated splicing ribozyme through domain insertion.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Establishing an RNA Sensor with High Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Utilizing a Signal Amplifier Platform.

ACS synthetic biology·2026
Same author

Cross-order detection of bacteriophage transduction in microbial communities using RNA barcoding.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Allosteric disordering of eIF2B regulates the integrated stress response.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same journal

A tail of two ligases.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same journal

Non-canonical cytochrome P450 enzymes expand the diversity of bacterial hemoproteins.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same journal

Image-guided activation of drugs with electromagnetic radiation.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same journal

Detecting protein fluctuations at scale.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same journal

Revealing the Wnt signalosome.

Nature chemical biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

5.0K

Creating small transcription activating RNAs.

James Chappell1, Melissa K Takahashi1, Julius B Lucks1

  • 1School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|February 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers engineered synthetic small transcription activating RNAs (STARs) to precisely control gene expression in E. coli. These novel STARs offer a new mechanism for building sophisticated synthetic gene networks.

More Related Videos

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
10:59

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

10.3K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

5.0K
Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
10:59

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

10.3K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.3K

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular biology
  • RNA biology

Background:

  • Small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression.
  • Engineering novel regulatory mechanisms for sRNAs is essential for synthetic biology applications.
  • Current synthetic sRNA tools have limitations in precision and orthogonality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a novel synthetic regulatory mechanism using small RNAs.
  • To engineer small transcription activating RNAs (STARs) for precise gene expression control.
  • To establish design principles for STAR function and explore their application in transcriptional logic gates.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered synthetic STAR regulators targeting intrinsic transcription terminators in Escherichia coli.
  • Developed two strategies to create STARs, achieving high orthogonality and activation.
  • Systematically modified STAR sequences to derive design principles and forward engineer new STARs.
  • Combined STARs in tandem to construct RNA-only transcriptional logic gates.

Main Results:

  • Created a set of four highly orthogonal STARs with up to 94-fold gene activation.
  • Derived sequence-based design principles for STAR function.
  • Successfully engineered a STAR targeting a native E. coli terminator.
  • Demonstrated the ability to combine STARs for complex RNA-only transcriptional logic.

Conclusions:

  • STARs represent a new, powerful mechanism for RNA-based gene regulation.
  • STARs significantly expand the toolkit for constructing precise synthetic gene networks.
  • This work provides a foundation for advanced applications of engineered small RNAs in biotechnology and medicine.