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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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A Touch-Communication Framework for Drug Delivery Based on a Transient Microbot System.

Yifan Chen, Panagiotis Kosmas, Putri Santi Anwar

    IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience
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    Summary

    Transient microbots (TMs) offer a novel approach to drug delivery. These bioresorbable robots dissolve after use, enabling targeted pharmaceutical transport with no side effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Robotics and Biomedical Engineering
    • Wireless Communications
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Advancements in bioresorbable electronics and engineered bacteria enable the creation of transient microbots (TMs).
    • TMs offer a promising solution for therapeutic applications, dissolving harmlessly after task completion.
    • Current drug delivery methods face challenges in precise targeting and minimizing side effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and analyze a transient microbot (TM) system architecture for pharmaceutical compound transport.
    • To introduce a micro-to-macro cross-scale communication model, termed TouchCom, for TM control and analysis.
    • To investigate simulation tools for TM propagation and transient characteristics within blood vessels.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a potential TM system architecture for drug delivery.
    • Application of a micro-to-macro cross-scale communication model (TouchCom).
    • Simulation of TM propagation, transient characteristics, and targeted drug delivery in blood vessels.
    • Definition of communication channel parameters analogous to wireless systems (propagation delay, path loss, spectra).

    Main Results:

    • The proposed TouchCom paradigm enables remote controllability and tangibility of TMs for drug delivery.
    • Simulation studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeted drug delivery using the analytical framework.
    • Analysis of TM propagation and transient characteristics provides insights into system performance.
    • Key communication channel concepts are adapted and defined for the TM system.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed TM system architecture and TouchCom framework offer a viable methodology for targeted pharmaceutical administration.
    • This interdisciplinary approach integrating robotics and communications at crossover length scales has significant potential for future therapeutic applications.
    • Further research and simulation studies are warranted to optimize TM design and enhance drug delivery efficacy.