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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Human Genetics01:28

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
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Genomics of preterm birth.

Kayleigh A Swaggart1, Mihaela Pavlicev2, Louis J Muglia2

  • 1Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|February 4, 2015
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Summary

Human birth timing remains poorly understood due to model organism differences. Comparative genomics and reproductive physiology reveal evolutionary pressures shaping parturition control, offering new insights into pregnancy maintenance and preterm birth mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Evolutionary physiology

Background:

  • Human birth timing mechanisms, including term and preterm birth, are not well understood despite extensive research.
  • Model organisms have physiological differences, limiting direct extrapolation to human reproductive strategies.
  • Progesterone signaling plays a crucial role in pregnancy maintenance and termination across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary basis of human birth timing.
  • To identify genomic loci influencing parturition timing using comparative approaches.
  • To leverage comparative physiology for understanding fundamental pathways of human parturition control.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing the evolution of progesterone signaling and its variation.
  • Analyzing reproductive strategies and physiology across diverse organisms.
  • Employing comparative genomic strategies to identify key genomic loci.

Main Results:

  • Comparative physiology supports the hypothesis that selective pressures on specific genomic loci influence human birth timing.
  • Divergence in reproductive mechanisms between species, previously a limitation, now presents an opportunity for discovery.
  • Increasing genomic data and reproductive characteristics across species facilitate identification of parturition control pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary pressures on genomic loci are key determinants of human birth timing.
  • Comparative genomics offers a powerful strategy to uncover fundamental mechanisms of parturition.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing issues like preterm birth.