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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

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Published on: August 1, 2013

Viral haemorrhagic fever.

Caoimhe Nic Fhogartaigh¹, Emma Aarons²

¹Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)

|February 5, 2015

Summary

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are severe, life-threatening viral infections. The ongoing Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa highlights the risk of VHFs spreading to non-endemic regions.

Keywords:

Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever Ebola Lassa Marburg Viral haemorrhagic fever personal protective equipment

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Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Virology

Background:

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections that can cause severe illness in humans.
Their distribution is primarily linked to the ecological factors of reservoir hosts, with most VHFs confined to Africa, except for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and managing VHFs.
To underscore the potential for international spread, particularly in light of the current Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa.

Main Methods:

This abstract does not detail specific methods but discusses the characteristics and challenges associated with VHFs.

Main Results:

The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic is currently occurring in West Africa.
This situation increases the risk of EVD cases being imported into non-endemic countries.

Conclusions:

Diagnosis and management of VHFs are complex due to non-specific early symptoms and limited resources in endemic areas.
The severity of the disease, lack of effective treatments, strict infection control needs, and the potential for healthcare worker infections pose significant challenges.