Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

3
Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
3
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

2
Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
2
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

156
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
156
Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

767
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
767
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

1.5K
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
1.5K
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

3
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
3

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2018
Same author

HIV and spinal cord disease.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2018
Same author

Intravenous Thrombolysis for Stroke and Presumed Stroke in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults: A Retrospective, Multicenter US Study.

Stroke·2017
Same author

Clinical pathologic case report: A 70-year-old man with inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy causing headache, cognitive impairment, and aphasia.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia·2017
Same author

Case 34-2017. A 76-Year-Old Man with Fever, Weight Loss, and Weakness.

The New England journal of medicine·2017
Same author

Opinion and Special Articles: Creation of a diversity and inclusion certificate program for neurology residents.

Neurology·2017
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

11.2K

Myelopathy associated with microorganisms.

Jennifer L Lyons

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |February 5, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Infectious agents can cause spinal cord dysfunction through direct infection or immune responses. Early diagnosis and immune modulation are key for potentially reversible outcomes in infectious myelopathies.

    More Related Videos

    Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
    06:57

    Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

    Published on: May 12, 2023

    3.1K
    Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin
    08:57

    Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin

    Published on: March 26, 2015

    28.0K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

    Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
    09:35

    Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

    Published on: May 19, 2020

    11.2K
    Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
    06:57

    Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

    Published on: May 12, 2023

    3.1K
    Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin
    08:57

    Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin

    Published on: March 26, 2015

    28.0K

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Spinal cord dysfunction has diverse causes, including infections.
    • Understanding infectious etiologies is crucial for global health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review common infectious causes of spinal cord dysfunction worldwide.
    • To explore the varied pathophysiological mechanisms involved.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of infectious myelopathies.
    • Analysis of epidemiological and pathophysiological data.

    Main Results:

    • Microorganisms can cause spinal cord dysfunction directly or indirectly.
    • Mechanisms include direct infection, parainfectious/postinfectious immune-mediated damage, and external compression.
    • Infectious myelopathies present diagnostic challenges.

    Conclusions:

    • Infectious myelopathies are potentially reversible causes of spinal cord dysfunction.
    • The interplay between infectious agents, the immune system, and the nervous system complicates management.
    • Immune modulation may be a preferred therapeutic strategy.