Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

1.8K
Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
1.8K
Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

642
Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
642
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

588
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
588
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

773
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
773
Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

520
Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
520
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

2.0K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exploring variations in Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) with geographical locations, deprivation indices, density of optometry practices and number of older people living in Mid and South Essex: an analysis of publicly available data.

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Functional Impacts of Vision Impairment: Progress, Challenges and Future Directions.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026
Same author

Asymmetries in human judgements of distance for approaching and receding sounds are predicted by a loudness model for time-varying sounds.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026
Same author

The longitudinal impact of childhood vision impairment on health, education, physical activity, and social outcomes: A systematic review.

Journal of epidemiology and population health·2026
Same author

'If You Cut Me, I'd Probably Bleed Coca-Cola': A Qualitative Exploration of Barriers and Facilitators to Type 2 Diabetes Management Among Chinese Adults in the UK.

Journal of diabetes research·2026
Same author

Disposable Printed CamBlobs Charts for Measuring Contrast Sensitivity in Patients With Glaucoma.

Journal of ophthalmology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
08:06

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

15.3K

How does aging affect the types of error made in a visual short-term memory 'object-recall' task?

Raju P Sapkota1, Ian van der Linde2, Shahina Pardhan1

  • 1Vision and Eye Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, UK.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
|February 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Older adults show more errors recalling recent items in visual short-term memory (VSTM) due to interference, while young adults make more errors with older items when memory load is high.

Keywords:
age differencesmemory loadmemory objectsobject-recallrecency

More Related Videos

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K
A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

12.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
08:06

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

15.3K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K
A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

12.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Human Aging Research

Background:

  • Normal aging impacts cognitive functions, including memory.
  • Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is crucial for temporarily storing visual information.
  • Understanding age-related changes in VSTM error patterns is important for cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how normal aging affects different types of errors in visual short-term memory (VSTM) object recall.
  • To compare error rates (non-target vs. non-memory errors) between young and older adults under varying memory loads.

Main Methods:

  • Participants: 17 young adults (mean age 23.3) and 17 older adults (mean age 66.5).
  • Task: Visual short-term memory (VSTM) object-recall task with memory loads of 2 or 4 objects.
  • Procedure: Stimuli presented sequentially, followed by a retention interval and a cued recall test. Error types analyzed: non-target errors and non-memory errors.

Main Results:

  • Both age groups made more non-target errors (recalling presented but uncued items) than non-memory errors (recalling non-presented items).
  • At high memory load, young adults showed more non-memory errors for early items, while older adults showed more non-target errors for recent items.
  • Significant effects of aging, memory load, and target recency on error types and rates were observed.

Conclusions:

  • VSTM appears to retain partial information, leading to non-target errors.
  • Aging influences VSTM error patterns, potentially due to proactive interference and spatial coding deficits.
  • Findings contribute to models of VSTM, interference, and age-related memory decline.