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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

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[Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer].

Jacques Irani

    La Revue Du Praticien
    |February 11, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) management requires personalized treatment based on prognostic factors. Adjuvant therapies like intravesical chemotherapy or BCG instillations can reduce recurrence and progression risks, with radical cystectomy reserved for BCG-refractory high-grade tumors.

    Area of Science:

    • Uro-oncology
    • Bladder cancer research
    • Cancer treatment strategies

    Context:

    • Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is biologically diverse and poses significant recurrence and progression risks.
    • Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) is the primary treatment, but outcomes vary based on tumor characteristics.

    Purpose:

    • To outline the management strategies for NMIBC based on established prognostic factors.
    • To highlight the role of adjuvant intravesical therapies in reducing recurrence and progression.

    Summary:

    • NMIBC management is tailored to prognostic factors including T stage, grade, tumor burden, and associated carcinoma in situ.
    • Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations significantly decrease recurrence rates.

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  • Maintenance BCG therapy is effective in reducing progression, with radical cystectomy reserved for BCG-unresponsive high-grade tumors.

    • Impact:

    • Optimized NMIBC treatment protocols can improve patient outcomes and reduce disease progression.
    • Understanding prognostic factors allows for tailored therapeutic approaches, potentially minimizing overtreatment.
    • Adjuvant therapies offer a valuable strategy to enhance efficacy following TURB for NMIBC.