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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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[Thyroid gland and fertility].

P Andreeva

    Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia
    |February 14, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Thyroid hormones significantly impact female reproduction, affecting fertility and menstrual function. Thyroid disorders are linked to infertility, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and unexplained cases, warranting further research.

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Endocrinology
    • Endocrinology
    • Gynecology

    Context:

    • Thyroid hormones (TH) play a crucial role in human reproduction, influencing estrogen and androgen metabolism, menstrual cycles, and fertility.
    • Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can significantly affect reproductive health.
    • The specific role of thyroid dysfunction in infertility, particularly in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and unexplained infertility, is an area requiring more investigation.

    Purpose:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of common thyroid disorders.
    • To examine the impact of thyroid disorders on ovarian function and reproductive performance in women.
    • To discuss the implications for infertility and the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

    Summary:

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  • Thyroid hormones are integral to reproductive processes, with imbalances affecting key functions.
  • Thyroid deficiency is notably prevalent in women with PCOS and unexplained infertility.
  • Limited research exists on the paracrine regulation of thyroid hormones and their receptors within the female reproductive tract.

    • Impact:

    • Highlights the connection between thyroid health and female reproductive outcomes.
    • Underscores the need for further research into thyroid hormone's role in infertility and ART.
    • Informs clinical understanding and management of reproductive issues in patients with thyroid disorders.