Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

4.9K
Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
4.9K
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

3.5K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
3.5K
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

1.8K
Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
1.8K
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

1.9K
Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
1.9K
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

2.7K
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
2.7K
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

17.0K
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
17.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enhancement of sleep slow wave activity using transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference: an interim analysis of the STRENGTHEN study.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Induction of cortical on/off periods in awake mice fulfills sleep functions.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Integrated information and predictive processing theories of consciousness: An adversarial collaborative review.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same author

Intrinsic Cause-Effect Power: The Tradeoff Between Differentiation and Specification.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Intrinsic units: identifying a system's causal grain.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same author

Precision Neuromodulation in Psychiatry: Focus on Temporal Interference Stimulation.

The American journal of psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Neuroimaging of Heterogeneity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Toward Disease Progression Modeling.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Electric Fields on Slowing Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Remitted Major Depressive Disorder: An Analysis of the PACt-MD Randomized Clinical Trial.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Remembering Jon-Kar Zubieta, M.D., Ph.D.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Kappa opioid receptor availability in borderline personality disorder: An in-vivo investigation with [<sup>11</sup>C]EKAP PET imaging.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same journal

From Satiety to Substance Use: Neural Mechanisms of GLP-1 Signaling in Appetite and Reward.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Distinct and Shared Molecular Mechanisms Underlie Morphological-Functional Overcoupling and Undercoupling in Major Depressive Disorder.

Biological psychiatry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
11:50

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Published on: April 9, 2014

26.8K

Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle.

Chiara Cirelli1, Giulio Tononi2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin..

Biological Psychiatry
|February 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity patterns, like electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms, mature late in development, linking to behavioral states like sleep. Early EEG patterns, though not state-specific, may aid brain circuit refinement and maturation.

Keywords:
Active sleepGamma activityNREM sleepQuiet sleepREM sleepSpindle burstsTheta activity

More Related Videos

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data
04:13

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Published on: November 13, 2019

13.0K
How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns
07:39

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

Published on: October 24, 2019

6.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
11:50

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Published on: April 9, 2014

26.8K
Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data
04:13

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Published on: November 13, 2019

13.0K
How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns
07:39

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

Published on: October 24, 2019

6.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings differentiate adult sleep-wake states (wake, NREM, REM).
  • The association between EEG rhythms and behavioral states emerges late in postnatal development in humans and rodents.
  • Cortical activity transitions from discontinuous to continuous patterns during this developmental period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular and network changes underlying the developmental transition of EEG-behavioral state association.
  • To explore the role of early EEG patterns in brain maturation and circuit refinement.
  • To discuss the potential of non-rapid eye movement sleep slow waves as markers for cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on developmental neurophysiology and sleep research.
  • Analysis of cellular and network mechanisms impacting cortical activity patterns.
  • Examination of early EEG signatures (spindle bursts, gamma oscillations) and their functional significance.

Main Results:

  • The establishment of EEG-behavioral state linkage is a late developmental event.
  • Early cortical activity, while not state-modulated, exhibits distinct patterns like silence and early oscillations.
  • Specific early EEG patterns (spindles, gamma) are present before state-specific association.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular and network changes drive the developmental maturation of EEG-behavioral state coupling.
  • Early EEG patterns, despite lacking state specificity, are crucial for brain circuit refinement.
  • The precise role of sleep in brain maturation, particularly concerning early EEG patterns, requires further investigation.