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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

The Establishment of a Murine Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket Healing Model
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Second premolar extraction: Not always a second choice.

Rohan Mascarenhas1, Parag Majithia1, Shahista Parveen1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
|February 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Second bicuspid extraction effectively treated moderate orthodontic crowding in an 18-year-old patient. The successful outcome included a pleasing profile and stable occlusion three years post-treatment.

Keywords:
Borderline casesextractionmanagementsecond premolar

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Orthodontics

Background:

  • Tooth extraction is a common orthodontic procedure.
  • Selecting teeth for extraction requires careful patient-specific consideration.

Observation:

  • This case report details the orthodontic treatment of an 18-year-old female with moderate dental crowding.
  • Treatment involved the extraction of second premolars.

Findings:

  • The patient achieved a pleasing facial profile.
  • Ideal overjet, overbite, and good intercuspation were established.
  • The achieved occlusion remained stable for at least three years post-treatment.

Implications:

  • Second premolar extraction is a viable option for correcting moderate crowding.
  • This approach can lead to stable, long-term orthodontic results.