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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Congenital Malformations and Consequential Epidemiology.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Epidemiology should shift focus from identifying risk factors to directly improving health outcomes. For birth defects, research should prioritize enhancing lives of affected individuals, not just finding causes.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Birth Defects Research

    Background:

    • The discipline of epidemiology is urged to transition from risk factor identification to directly improving health.
    • This shift, termed consequential epidemiology, emphasizes solving major public health challenges.
    • Previous calls for this approach have been made by prominent researchers in the field.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the impact of epidemiological research on birth defects in recent decades.
    • To propose future directions for birth defects epidemiology from a consequentialist perspective.
    • To highlight the need for research that directly improves the lives of individuals with birth defects.

    Main Methods:

    • Review and evaluation of epidemiological research on birth defects over recent decades.
    • Analysis of the effectiveness of current research in improving health outcomes.
    • Consideration of a consequentialist framework for future research agendas.

    Main Results:

    • Despite identifying some causal factors, the majority of birth defect causes remain unknown.
    • Primary prevention of birth defects remains challenging, even with interventions like folic acid supplementation.
    • Significant impact can be achieved by researching factors that improve the quality of life for those with birth defects.

    Conclusions:

    • A consequentialist approach to birth defects epidemiology necessitates a change in research priorities and team composition.
    • Opportunities exist to significantly improve the lives of individuals affected by birth defects through targeted research.
    • The field should embrace a more proactive and impactful research agenda focused on health improvement.