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Long-term alkalinity decrease and acidification of estuaries in northwestern Gulf of Mexico.

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Coastal bays in the Gulf of Mexico are acidifying due to decreased freshwater inflow and increased calcification. This long-term acidification threatens shellfish production and coastal buffer capacity.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Oceanography
  • Marine Chemistry

Background:

  • Coastal bays are vital ecosystems supporting diverse marine life and human economies.
  • Understanding long-term chemical changes in these environments is crucial for effective management.
  • Alkalinity and pH are key indicators of water chemistry and buffering capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze temporal changes in alkalinity and pH in northwestern Gulf of Mexico coastal bays.
  • To investigate the relationship between these chemical changes and climatic gradients.
  • To assess the potential impacts of observed trends on marine life and coastal processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over four decades (late 1960s to 2010) of alkalinity and pH data.
  • Data collected from 27 coastal bays along a climatic gradient (rainfall and freshwater inflow).
  • Statistical analysis to determine temporal trends and correlations.

Main Results:

  • A majority of bays (16/27) showed a long-term reduction in alkalinity (3.0-21.6 μM yr(-1)).
  • Twenty-two bays exhibited significant pH decreases (0.0014-0.0180 yr(-1)).
  • A positive correlation between alkalinity and pH trends indicated widespread acidification, particularly at lower latitudes.

Conclusions:

  • Most studied bays are experiencing long-term acidification, likely driven by reduced riverine input and increased calcification.
  • Decreased alkalinity and acidification pose risks to shellfish production and reduce the ocean's buffering capacity.
  • Conservation of freshwater inflow and understanding calcification processes are critical for mitigating these impacts.