Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in preterm infants

Area of Science:

• Neonatal Nutrition
• Biochemistry
• Developmental Biology

Background:

• Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are born with immaturity and illness, hindering adequate nutrition for optimal growth.
• Nutritional deficits in these vulnerable infants impact critical organ development, including the brain, lungs, and gut.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review essential fatty acid metabolism in neonates.
• To discuss the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in protecting against neonatal morbidities.
• To explore the impact of LCPUFAs on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on essential fatty acid metabolism.
• Analysis of studies investigating the effects of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs on neonatal organ development and injury.
• Synthesis of evidence regarding LCPUFA precursors for eicosanoids and docosanoids.

Main Results:

• Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are precursors to eicosanoids and docosanoids, influencing inflammation and oxidative stress.
• The balance of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs can modulate the effects of hypoxia, inflammation, infection, and oxidative damage on organs like the lungs, brain, and retina.
• LCPUFAs are vital for the structural and functional development of the central nervous system and sensory organs.

Conclusions:

• Early supplementation with n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs may positively influence the long-term consequences of preterm birth.
• LCPUFA supply can moderate the impact of hypoxia and oxidative damage, aiding recovery from injury.
• Optimizing LCPUFA intake supports the growth of organs such as the brain, retina, lungs, gut, liver, and skin, and improves neurodevelopmental outcomes.