Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

9.2K
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
9.2K
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

15.8K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
15.8K
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

11.7K
Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
11.7K
General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

8.6K
A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
8.6K
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

6.5K
The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
6.5K
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

9.0K
Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
9.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparison of cervical sagittal alignment in normal subjects and adolescents and young adults with idiopathic scoliosis.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2026
Same author

Osteoporosis and adult spinal deformity-a review for spinal surgeons by the SRS adult spinal deformity task force on senescence.

Spine deformity·2026
Same author

Surgical planning for spinal deformity correction: the contribution of patient-specific rods.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2026
Same author

ERAS protocol for anterior/oblique lumbar fusion reduces postoperative length of stay without worsening outcomes.

Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR·2026
Same author

Analysis of Success Versus Poor Realignment in Patients with Cervical Deformity: In-Construct Angles Provide Novel Targets for Correction.

Spine·2026
Same author

When are Short Fusions Successful in Cervical Deformity Surgery?

Spine·2026
Same journal

Microsurgical Evacuation Efficacy and Functional Outcomes in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Type of Antithrombotic Therapy.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Neurosurgeons Are Essential in the Interdisciplinary Care of Patients With Brain Metastasis.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Performance of Risk Scores in Predicting Intracranial Aneurysm Instability.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Electric-Scooters: An Emerging Source of High-Severity Pediatric Head Trauma.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Survival After Surgery for Spinal Osteosarcoma and the Role of Chemotherapy and Treatment Sequencing: A National Cohort Multivariable Analysis.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Safety and Efficacy of 3-Month Versus 6-Month Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Pipeline Embolization Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms.

Neurosurgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

3.1K

The comprehensive anatomical spinal osteotomy classification.

Frank Schwab1, Benjamin Blondel, Edward Chay

  • 1*NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York; ‡Orthopedic Department Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; §Washington University School of Medi cine, St. Louis, Missouri; ‖Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; ¶Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; #Spine Institute for Special Surgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky; **Maimonides Medical Center, New York, New York.

Neurosurgery
|February 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new classification system for spinal osteotomies offers a standardized way to describe surgical techniques for spinal deformity. This system demonstrates high reliability, aiding in consistent assessment and comparative analysis of treatments.

More Related Videos

Laminectomy for the Removal of Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum TOLF Using Ultrasonic and Conventional Osteotomes
07:12

Laminectomy for the Removal of Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum TOLF Using Ultrasonic and Conventional Osteotomes

Published on: April 21, 2023

3.8K
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

13.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

3.1K
Laminectomy for the Removal of Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum TOLF Using Ultrasonic and Conventional Osteotomes
07:12

Laminectomy for the Removal of Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum TOLF Using Ultrasonic and Conventional Osteotomes

Published on: April 21, 2023

3.8K
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

13.4K

Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Surgical classification systems

Background:

  • Global sagittal malalignment significantly impacts quality of life in spinal deformity patients.
  • Spinal osteotomies are increasingly used for rigid deformity patterns.
  • Variations in osteotomy techniques hinder outcome comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an anatomically-based classification system for spinal osteotomies.
  • To establish a common language for spine specialists regarding osteotomies.

Main Methods:

  • A 6-grade classification system based on bone resection extent and destabilizing potential.
  • Inclusion of a surgical approach modifier (posterior or combined anterior/posterior).
  • Reliability testing using 16 clinical cases rated by 8 readers, with Fleiss kappa coefficients calculated.

Main Results:

  • High intraobserver reliability for resection type (kappa=0.96) and approach modifier (kappa=0.90).
  • High interobserver reliability for resection type (kappa=0.96) and approach modifier (kappa=0.88).
  • Classification deemed 'almost perfect' in reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed classification system consistently describes spinal osteotomies used in deformity correction.
  • The system is simple, consistent, and reliable.
  • It provides a framework for osteotomy assessment and comparative treatment analysis.